Fair Value Accounting Within Financial Crisis Essay

Abstract Historically ,it is seen that there are numerous number of disputes in the field of financial reporting among different professionals, regulators and theoretitions .most of these disputes are related to the valuation of financial reporting components.the current curve in the progress of valuation is the push for and against the fair value approach.the purpose of this research is to examine the arguments on the use of fair value accounting and to identify the issues related to implementation of fair value accounting standards. Further, the results of literature related to role of fair value accounting within financial crisis are also investigated. Part –a Financial world is at the pace when the accountants are moving their steps towards fair value accounting, moreover FASB and IASB is motivating accountants to increase the use of fair value accounting by establishing new rules. Most of the people concur that fair values are the most reliable measure for financial assets and liabilities that an entity strongly trades, on the other hand some believes if management wants to hold an asset or liability till their maturity then historical method is best for measuring financial assets. Arguments supporting fair value accounting According to the analysts fair value accounting of assets and liabilities is more relevant as the basic economic value of instrument is clearly reflected with the use of FVA and they strongly believe that fair value and relevant volatility reflectsShow MoreRelatedIs Fair Value Accounting Really Fair?1021 Words   |  5 Pages For our project, we wanted to pick the topic, â€Å"Is fair value accounting really fair?† The first part of our presentation was simply explaining what fair value accounting is. This is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transactions. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the price that would be received to sell an asset or price to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction betweenRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis : Its Causes And The Global Responses Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment topic: Global financial crisis: its cause and the global responses Introduction The global financial crisis or economy crisis is commonly believed to have begun in July 2007 with credit crunch, when a loss of confidence by the US investors in the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis. On the other hand, due to the big changes that took place over the last 20 to 30 years in the worldwide economy and the influence of 2007 financial crisis, it has re-emerged as one of theRead MoreFinancial Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesConsequences of Accounting During the 2008 Financial Crisis Group 3 October 4th, 2011 Actors in the 2008 Financial Crisis ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬Ë† U.S. Government ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬Ë† European Union o  Commission o  Political figureheads ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬Ë† Banks o  U.S. o  E.U. ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬Ë† International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬Ë† Investors and External Regulators 10/3/11 2 Actors in the 2008 Financial Crisis (US Government) o  Generally mentioned indirectly in the news articles o  Not in the forefront of the case, as banks were drivingRead MoreIas 39 Regulate About The Recognition And Measurement Financial Asset And Liabilities1356 Words   |  6 PagesIAS 39 regulate about the recognition and measurement financial asset and liabilities. Under this standard, financial asset classified under four types which are: financial asset valued under fair value, Loan and Receivable (LR), Available for Sale (AFS), and Hold to Maturity (HTM). Each classification has different treatment of measurement which are under FVA and amortisation. Amortisation of financial asset should applied Effective Interest Method (EIM) which followed the application of discountedRead MoreThe Standards Of Accounting Standards830 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting standard set has become debatable topics in regards its function in real business. The standards of accounting have been developed throughout years and many countries has applied different accounting standard. However, as business world has become interconnected, there is an urged in need to have one stand-alone of accounting standards that could use worldwide. Therefore, many countries developed convergence of their accounting standard into International Financial reporting standard (IFRS)Read MoreThe Subprime Loan Crisis : An Analysis Of The Ethical Shortcomings1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Subprime Loan Crisis An Analysis of the Ethical Shortcomings Ten years ago the US housing market was booming and with a constant rise in prices there didn’t seem to be an end in sight. It is, however, difficult to know when a peak is reached and for participants to take the appropriate actions in time. Nevertheless, as several studies have shown, measurements which were or were not taken made the bubble worse. Despite warnings from experts, investors and senators, the participants actions onRead MoreHistorical Development Of Fair Value Measurement1400 Words   |  6 PagesFair value measurement is one of the models which provide guidance on how entities should determine the fair value of financial instruments for reporting purposes. This paper discusses the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Exposure Draft issued on December 3, 2015 which proposed amendments to Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements. The paper analyzes some of the key points of the exposure draf t, among other things, the history andRead MoreHistorical Development of Gaap1322 Words   |  6 PagesA Historical Look at U.S. GAAP Lauren Hollis Accounting Theory Texas Woman’s University School of Management Dr. Pamela Baker January 26, 2013 ABSTRACT This paper discusses the historical development of generally accepted accounting principles through its contributing sources from 1930 to the present. U.S. Businesses had been using double entry accounting since the 1800s yet no uniform accounting practices had been introduced until the American Institute of Accountants (AIA) recommendedRead MoreHistorical Development Of Financial Accounting Theory1526 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fair value accounting concept, an understanding of the foundation of accounting is where it is today is needed. This information provides a guideline of how the first conceptual ideas of accounting first began and changed overtime to accommodate the ever increasing changes with investment options along with lobbying efforts of individuals. The FASB’s Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC) No. 8 indicates that the primary purpose of financial reporting is to provide financial informationRead MoreThe Accounting Principles Of Accounting1754 Words   |  8 PagesMeasurement of accounting elements is the most significant factors that entail the process of preparing financial statements. Accounting measurements presents the vital economic objectives for various accounting entities (Horngren, 2009). Fair value refers to a financial reporting approach operating under the accepted accounting principles (GAAP). This accounting method is also referred to as Mark-market accounting practice. In united Sates majority of the public and private companies uses fair value accounting

Drowned Out Free Essays

Ivana Aleksich November 1, 2012 Film Review: â€Å"Drowned Out† The way this documentary was filmed shows the people who contributed to the film to living and working alongside the villagers and I found this helped capture the candid interviews and the honest and realistic impact of the way villagers of living in India due to the government dam project. Not only do people have to make a choice of whether they Move to the slums in the city, accept a place at a resettlement site or stay at home and drown. This place is not just a piece of land where they live but it is their home, their identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Drowned Out or any similar topic only for you Order Now This reminds me personally of my connection with Serbia. My family has to leave their homeland because of war and invasion. My family did not see this as moving to a better place, but saw it as their homeland being destroyed. Who they are as people dead in a place that no longer exists like it once had. This is how I see the people in the villagers, they are being forced to say goodbye to a certain part of them, their family, and ancestors forever. In the student presentation relating to the world bank and dams refers to something very important to villagers. Non-material things are what are important to the villagers. After the dam is built, I will drown out the cultural traditions of the villagers, create development of affected communities in isolation, and cultural shift, new lifestyles and attitudes. The documentary follows the villagers of Jalsindhi. This village is in Madhya Pradesh on the banks of the Narmada River about ten miles upstream from the Sardar Sarovar project. The 76 villages struggle through a battle against the dam. The lead character is Luharia Sonkaria, who is the village’s medicine man, a role that was his father’s and grandfather’s before him. The government provides them no viable alternatives. The government offers unusable land a hundred miles away or a small sum of money in compensation for their river-side land. The film documents hunger strikes, rallies, and a six year Supreme Court case, and finally follows the villagers as the dam fills and the river starts to rise. The documentary features Arundhati Roy, who has been an outspoken activist bringing international attention to the controversy. Government aims to provide electricity, irrigation and drinking water to tens of millions of people. Government is confident in this claim. The government has a completely difference views of the impact of the dam. They believe the dam will help the people and make them happy. But the government has nothing to lose from this dam project because the people in government do not live in the area that the dam is supposed to floor. The villagers have everything to lose and millions of them did. This brings up the struggle between the rich and the poor/the powerful and the less powerful. The big question that is stated in this documentary is, â€Å"For whom is this development for? † The government tries to convince the villagers that this is for them and their benefit, but in reality the villagers are not being taken into account for this dam project. This dam development is solely for the purpose the one thing that is universally valued: money and the power of government. Villagers and poor people are not at level in society where they can rely on money and power. They believe in things that the government and money could never find important. Villagers value their traditions and their old lifestyle. The government and the world bank is working to become more modern and to gain more money. For this reason alone, the government is aware of what will happen to the villagers but the government could not understand how hard this project will hurt the villagers and their lives. How to cite Drowned Out, Papers

Impact of ISO Regulations on Stakeholders

Question: Discuss about theImpact of ISO Regulations on Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction The major aim of this report is to analyze the organizational impact of the ISO 14001 and AA1000 regulations. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing how the AA1000 and ISO14001 regulations can easily protect the stakeholders. On the other hand, this report also sheds light on the impact of the regulations how the investors can see the viability of a company in the long-term basis in that they can make the investment plans. Most importantly, this report focuses on the context of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in order to conduct the entire analysis on the two regulations. Moreover, this study highlights the impacts of the regulations over the organizational sustainability, local stakeholders and investors of the companies. ISO 14001 and AA1000 Regulations ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard The ISO 14001 Environment Management System (EMS) standardis the globally identified standard for environmental management what was published first in 1996. It is the systematic framework which is helpful for managing the long term as well as immediate environmental influences of the products, processes as well as the services of a particular enterprise (Heras?Saizarbitoria, Boiral, 2013). The ISO 14001 standard has been implemented based on the typical ISO Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. Therefore, a company has to comply with several clauses of the ISO Standard for gaining the certification for their environmental management system. An organization should have to implement their procedures, protocols as well as the policies in terms of ensuring the fact that its influences on the environment are kept to a minimum range. It has also been designed for helping the businesses commercially remain successful without overlooking the impacts and responsibilities of the environmental aspects. Figure 1: ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard (Source: Zhu, Cordeiro Sarkis, 2013, pp.232) AA1000 Assurance Standard The AA1000 Assurance Standard is the standard in order to strengthen as well as assess properly the quality and the creditability of the environmental, economic and the social reporting of an organization as well. The prime aim of this standard is for being utilized by the external auditing bodies that can ensure the reports of an organization on the social accounts (Junior, Best Cotter, 2014). However, it can also be utilized for guiding any company while establishing its abilities, systems as well as the processes of accountability. The stakeholder engagement is the central concern behind the implementation of the AA1000 Assurance Standard. AA1000 Assurance Standard gives a holistic standard to assess that the social reports or accounts of a company systematically resolve the proper range of economic, environmental and social impacts as well as performance. It also seeks to reflect the concerns of the stakeholders as well as highlight whether these have or have not been resolved b y a company. Figure 2: AA1000 Assurance Standard (Source: Bhaduri Selarka, 2016, pp.33) Impact of ISO 14001 and AA1000 Regulations on Protecting Stakeholders In the context of Corporate Social Responsibility, the stakeholder engagement is the major concern and it is the key component of achieving the triple bottom line. The organizations mainly intend to engage their stakeholders in dialogue for finding out what environmental as well as social issues matter most to them regarding their performance in terms of improving the accountability and decision-making (Mayamurugan, 2016). Therefore, in regards to this point, protecting the stakeholders is the most essential concern for all the organization. Thus, both of the two regulations, ISO 14001 and AA1000 play significant roles in protecting the stakeholders of the organizations. ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard is incorporated by the organizations in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to the reason of introducing an environmental management system. Most importantly, while it becomes very crucial for retaining as well as securing business either with the international or the local clients, the organizations incorporate this standard. The environmental sustainability and environment management are the serious concerns for the organizations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as this country is the petroleum based nation (Testa et al., 2014). Majority of the industries in this country is comprised of oil industry. Therefore, the ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard can possess huge implications over the protection of the stakeholders who are engaged with the huge oil industry of the organization. This standard identifies the cost savings with the greater emphasis on energy, waste and resource management. It also develops the credibility and corporate imag e and can also protect the shareholders, assets and directors. AA1000 Assurance Standard has direct implication over the protection of the stakeholders. In the Kingdom Saudi Arabia, this regulation is utilized within the organizations as the means of driving the entire performance through the learning as well as innovation. With the help of the incorporation of this standard within the organizations in the country, the good quality processes of stakeholder management can inform potentially the internal decision making as well as enable innovation and learning (Perego Kolk, 2012). In this way, this standard can enhance and improve the organizational performance. Therefore, it must be stated that, all the principles of AA1000 Assurance Standard must be applied by the organizations wishing for using the standard. Impact of ISO 14001 and AA1000 Regulations on Investors The investors play a crucial role in the organizations in order to allocate capital with the expectation of a future return in the financial context. The investors have the responsibility for committing the capital with the expectation of the financial returns. They use investments in terms of growing their money (Mayamurugan, 2016). Investors have to face several challenges such as timeframes, preferences, and capital and risk tolerances. Thus, both the regulations ISO 14001 and AA1000 can influence on the process through which the investors see the long-term viability of a company in that they plan for investing. ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard can help the investors for seeing the long-term viability of the organizations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in that the companies can make their investment plans. This is simply because; ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard can easily recognize the cost savings with the greater emphasis on energy, waste as well as resource management while investing in the business (Arimura et al., 2016). On the other hand, it can also decrease potentially the public liability insurance costs for the organizations during implementing the investment plan for ensuring the long term viability of the organizations in the nation. The materiality principle, completeness principle and responsiveness principle of the AA1000 Assurance Standard can help the investors for seeing the long-term viability of the organizations especially the oil industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in that the companies can make their investment plans (Manetti Toccafondi, 2012). This standard is flexible enough to be utilized by the several companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from the diverse backgrounds as well as over timeframes. It can resolve the proper range of economic impacts and performance with the help of which a suitable investment plan can be built by the organizations in the country to assure the organizational viability in long-term basis. Impact of ISO 14001 and AA1000 regulations on the Sustainability of an Organization ISO 14001 and AA1000 regulations are playing significant roles in maintaining the sustainability of the organizations over the world (Horner Wilmshurst, 2016). For the organizations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ISO 14001 and AA1000 regulations can effectively influence sustainability factor of the organizations in the respective industries. As per the AA1000 Assurance Standard, this regulation maintains the organizational sustainability by assessing the social accounts of the organizations and seeking to echo the concerns of the stakeholders of the company. Stakeholders and investors are the important success factors for the organizations (Castka Prajogo, 2013). On the other hand, AA1000 Assurance Standard also seeks for instilling a continuous development culture through the responsiveness of stakeholder. As per the ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard, most important part of this regulation in terms of maintaining the organizational sustainability is that this standard can effectively improve the environmental performance of the supply chain of the organizations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the oil based nation and majority of the organizations are belong to the oil industry (Mock, Rao Srivastava, 2013). Hence, in this country, the organizational sustainability is directly related with the environmental sustainability factor. Thus, this regulation can play a significant role in order to maintain organizational sustainability by maintaining as well as improving the environmental performance. Conclusion After conducting the entire analysis of the report, it can easily be stated that both the ISO 14001 and AA1000 regulations ultimately aims to protect stakeholders and implement the effective investment plans, which directly enhance the organizational sustainability. In this regard, this study has successfully depicted the feature of the ISO 14001 and AA1000 regulations over the protection of the stakeholders and on the effective process of implementing investment plan. On the other hand, this report has also analyzed broadly the functionality of the two regulations over the procedure of maintaining organizational sustainability. References Arimura, T. H., Darnall, N., Ganguli, R., Katayama, H. (2016). The effect of ISO 14001 on environmental performance: Resolving equivocal findings.Journal of environmental management,166, 556-566. Bhaduri, S. N., Selarka, E. (2016). Corporate Social ResponsibilityGuidelines and Best Practices. InCorporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Indian Companies(pp. 33-42). Springer Singapore. Castka, P. Prajogo, D., (2013). The effect of pressure from secondary stakeholders on the internalization of ISO 14001.Journal of Cleaner Production,47, pp.245-252. Heras?Saizarbitoria, I., Boiral, O. (2013). ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: towards a research agenda on management system standards.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), 47-65. Horner, C.A. Wilmshurst, T.D., (2016). Stakeholder Engagement and the Gri: Implications for Effective Risk Management.Corporate Ownership Control, p.209. Junior, R. M., Best, P. J., Cotter, J. (2014). Sustainability reporting and assurance: a historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), 1-11. Manetti, G., Toccafondi, S. (2012). The role of stakeholders in sustainability reporting assurance.Journal of Business Ethics,107(3), 363-377. Mayamurugan, R. (2016). ISO 14001: Environmental Management System. InIntegrated Waste Management in India(pp. 117-121). Springer International Publishing. Mock, T. J., Rao, S. S., Srivastava, R. P. (2013). The development of worldwide sustainability reporting assurance.Australian Accounting Review,23(4), 280-294. Perego, P., Kolk, A. (2012). Multinationals accountability on sustainability: The evolution of third-party assurance of sustainability reports.Journal of Business Ethics,110(2), 173-190. Testa, F., Rizzi, F., Daddi, T., Gusmerotti, N. M., Frey, M., Iraldo, F. (2014). EMAS and ISO 14001: the differences in effectively improving environmental performance.Journal of Cleaner Production,68, 165-173. Zhu, Q., Cordeiro, J., Sarkis, J. (2013). Institutional pressures, dynamic capabilities and environmental management systems: Investigating the ISO 9000Environmental management system implementation linkage.Journal of environmental management,114, 232-242.

Robert A. Dahls book

‘How Democratic Is the American Constitution’ is a book written by Robert A. Dahl that raises many provocative questions and doubts about the U.S. constitutional document. Dahl, the book’s author, is a former president of the Political Science Association of the United States and Yale’s University Sterling Professor Emeritus. To introduce the thesis of the book’s main subject matter, the author sarcastically poses the question ‘How democratic is the American Constitution?’ which also serve as the book’s title.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Robert A. Dahl’s book – â€Å"How Democratic is the American Constitution† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Dahl’s perceptions and opinions, as presented in the text, many American citizens have always held their country’s Constitutional document and the principle this has to embody into their lives, with much honor and esteem. However, majority of the American citizens have always been worried that their esteemed Constitutional draft fails short in addressing some of the crucial aspects affecting the general humanity such as women rights, racial integration, and economic equality (Robert 16). In this text, Dahl explicitly explores the big tension existing between the people’s faith in the credibility of the laws governing their country and their stand on the principles of democracy presented by these laws. In this book, Dahl reminds the American society of the missing link in their constitution; a flaw that makes the sacred draft unqualified as a basis for the country’s democratic system. The book presents the writer’s viewpoint about the Constitution as just a representation of the history that surrounded its creation and implementation. This actually makes him to believe that, most the current Constitutional does not addres s the present day issues affecting the humanity. According to Dahl, the framers of this constitution had failed completely in some respects such as establishment of a strong democratic system of government. Some of the approaches used by the writer to achieve his purpose on the book include the power of transparency, outright critique of American political institutions, and use of reliable evidence and examples to support his claims. More importantly, the writer also applies a gentle but a persistent approach to express his critics on the subject matter. Dahl has widely applied historical evidence throughout the text to reveal the imperfection of the American democracy, as stipulated by the constitution. There is also a wide application of contemporary aspects such as real-life events and other people’s observations by the writer, to provide substantial evidence as to why he thought the American Constitution was indeed undemocratic. A good example of how evidence applies in t he book is observed in various episodes where he compares the American Constitutional system with that of other countries of the same status. Dahl observes that, the most reasonable revisions on the constitution were done more than a century ago and no significant changes have been applied on the document since then.Advertising Looking for book review on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I personally tend to agree with Dahl’s point of view on the American secret document, if I may call it so. We cannot just rise up and start condemning Dahl, simply for his attempts to highlight some of the most unusual elements of the constitution that needs to be revised and amended, to fit the standards of democracy. Despite what many of his critics may tend to observe, Dahl is part of the many brilliant personalities who have openly come out to condemn the many loopholes in the U.S. Constitution. Dahl’s main agenda h ere is to encourage critique of both the American political institutions and the Constitutional system, in a manner that will call for significant amendments on the constitution, thus making it more democratic. Dahl may not have had any big hopes that his claims will succeed in making significant democratic changes in the American Constitution in the immediate future, but his outright observations of the document’s shortcomings have always raised debate and discussions on the matter. This gives him the hope that maybe; with time, this may lead to something more beneficial to the future American generations. One reason why I would agree with Dahl is the issue of the various questionable aspects presently surrounding the American Constitution, as far as democratic representation is concerned. Lieven observes that, â€Å"there is often the issue of unequal senate representation in the U.S. whereby some states continue to receive larger representation compared to others† ( 17). There is really no good reason as to why the Constitution should continue to permit such unequal representation. Another questionable aspect of the Constitution is the system of the Electoral College, normally applied in the selection of American presidents. According to Levinson, â€Å"this system has serious democratic defects† and a good example here is the failure of the person receiving the majority of votes to become the holder of the highest office, in most cases, owing to some confusing elements of the constitution (353). This system raises more questions than answers, especially to the voters who may never get to understand the real sense of democracy as expressed in the constitution. As a matter of fact, this deprives the American residents of their rights of citizenship and democracy. These are some of the parts that need to be amended, so as to make the U.S. Constitution more acceptable as a democratic system of governance. Just as Dahl observes, the U.S. Con stitution has been eluded by other recent developments observed in other democracies in the world.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Robert A. Dahl’s book – â€Å"How Democratic is the American Constitution† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As witnessed from this useful text, Dahl has succeeded at raising informed questions that every patriotic American citizen should be informed about, regarding the nature of the constitution. As a matter of fact, by pointing out some of the many imperfections in the U.S. Constitution and calling for the necessary reforms and amendments, Dahl has fully achieved his purpose on the book. His overview on this crucial matter deserves universal recommendation, for it reminds the Americans of the need to revise their constitution and consider the chances for coming up with a more democratic society, which can only be achieved through a well-drafted constituti on. Dahl’s agenda here is not to condemn or to criticize the U.S. Constitution system, but to offer some light to some of the elements that make the system appear imperfect. By incorporating a number of provocative questions and assertions throughout the text, Dahl challenges all of us to utilize the opportunities we have, to help our country achieve the democratic systems befitting its outstanding status as a Superpower and a global economy leader. Instead of wasting time criticizing Dahl’s indictment of the constitutional structure, it is time for the government to push for immediate reforms on the highlighted sectors and establish a governance system that guarantees the citizens all the rights, opportunities, and liberties which could be found in a more democratic society. Works Cited Levinson, Sanford. â€Å"Looking Abroad When Interpreting the US Constitution: Some Reflections.† Tex. Int’l LJ 39. 17 (2003): 353. Print. Lieven, Anaton. America right o r wrong: an anatomy of American nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Robert, Dahl. How Democratic is the American Constitution? United Kingdom: Yale University Press, 2003. Print.Advertising Looking for book review on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This book review on Robert A. Dahl’s book – â€Å"How Democratic is the American Constitution† was written and submitted by user Alayna Bishop to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Fight Against Terrorism essays

The Fight Against Terrorism essays On September 11, 2001, Americans realized the threat that terrorists pose in the world today. Over five thousand people died in the terrorist attack, and now Americans want revenge. They want terrorism to be stopped. In order to do that, several things must be done. Dealing with terrorists like Osama bin Laden is difficult because his group, like many others, is very large and the members of it are hard to recognize. The majority of terrorists are Muslim and come from Arab nations who hate the American culture. Osama bin Laden has terrorists in over 35 countries. Nevertheless, a group of that size is very difficult to terminate. Osama bin Laden is responsible for the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The U.S. military needs to make swift air strikes on terrorist camps to possibly eliminate the leader and destroy their defenses. After that, ground troops should be sent in to take over the camp. It is different with bin Ladens well-armed group because he is wealthy. The group is almost entirely funded by him. In this case, bin Laden should be the main target. A special forces team should covertly enter the camp and capture him. Even with these possible solutions, terrorism is still hard to stop especially when supporte d by a government known as the Taliban. In order to stop bin Laden, the Taliban must be stopped, too. The Taliban is the government of Afghanistan, which harbors bin Laden. Also, it supplies and aids him. The U.S. needs to cut all economic and social ties with Afghanistan in order to slow the economy as well as bin Ladens group. The Taliban is a fundamentalist group and control 95% of the country. Our military should attack the Taliban because they are withholding bin Ladens location and not turning him over to the United States. We should ally with the five percent of the country fighting the Taliban. Stopping the Taliban means the e ...

College Essay Topics

College Essay Topics College Essay Topics The purpose of this article is to help you understand which of the suggested college essays topics would be more favorable for you. Whether or not the chosen topic is favorable for you depends on your writing skills and your life experience. If you're not an excellent writer, it would be more advantageous for you to write a narrative essay. You should simply recall one of the bright events in your life and describe it. The aim of a narrative essay is to describe any period of time, situation, or event from your life; it may be written in first-person present tense or first person past tense. It isn't obligatory to write a college essay chronologically, narrative essays, however, need to follow the development of a person through a series of experiences and reflections. The focus of the essay is on the narrator's point of view. Some college students think they need to choose college essay topic that will amaze the tutor. But that's not what colleges are looking for. Instead, they simp ly want to learn more about who you are and what is your way of thinking. College Essay Writing Writing college essay try to be interesting and original. Write about yourself and the events which happened with you, in short, your own life experience. Write an essay about your life that demonstrates your personality.It will help the reader to get to know you a little better. College essay is a great opportunity to tell the reader something he does not know. Your essay should be readable and understandable. College Deductive Essay Most college essays are of deductive style. A deductive essay presents an introduction and a thesis in the first paragraph, explores the thesis in several paragraphs, cites and analyzes the assigned text, and concludes with a paragraph reflecting on the thesis. This structure is based on deductive reasoning. Deduction is the process of stating a known fact, principle, or assumption and then examining the conclusion. ORDER CUSTOM COLLEGE ESSAY If you need help with college essay writing, you are welcome to place an order at .com. We deliver only 100% plagiarism free college essays and guarantee timely delivery. We do not re-sell competed for college essays and do not post them online. Become our client and you will be surprised with the high quality of college essay writing service! Interesting topics: Action Paper Research The Stolen Party Term Paper Police Performance Term Paper Human Rights Law Business Essay Great Expectations Essay

Curriculum Issues Facing Educational Leaders Research Paper

Curriculum Issues Facing Educational Leaders - Research Paper Example According to the research findings schools exhibit low standards, incoherence, poor management as well as insufficient regulation particularly in relation to the work that teachers do with their students. The teachers are not held accountable by the schools and the teachers are left to do whatever they please behind the closed doors of the classrooms. From this view, the projected result is a decreased quality of performance on the part of the teacher together with the students. Fundamental to this view is the notion the genesis of the quality problem in teachers is in a deficit that is in the preparations, commitments, engagements as well as efforts of the teachers themselves.As the paper stresses  the best solution to the problem that is being faced by the educational system is an increase in the centralized control of the schools and making the teachers become responsible. Advocates of this view are in support of curriculums which are uniform, subjecting teachers to licensing ex ams and improved performance standards along with comprehensive teacher and school assessments. Most of these accountability measures have already been executed so that no children are left behind.  Broad research has been carried out in power, control as well as accountability in schools over the past decades with the research involving evaluation of a broad collection of data. Push towards accountability typically ends up in the wrong diagnoses and solution for the problem of quality of teachers.

Consumer Learning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Learning - Coursework Example For launching a new food supplement product an advertisement is created to teach the customer about product usage. The advertisement also explains benefits and features of this product. The ad is designed in such a way that shows details about the capsule. It contains different vitamins, minerals, amino acids, proteins which are essential for maintaining good health. Each of these capsules provides original nutritional value to the consumers. These capsules are packed within a small plastic container. In the label of the container essential details of related to the capsule and its manufacturing company will be mentioned. It is a daily food supplement consume for having healthy and strong physical. This food supplement capsule has a balanced combination of 20 essential minerals, 15 vitamins which keeps a person mentally alert and physically active. It contain different anti oxidant like zinc, biotion and selenium which improves health and skin. It also has calcium, magnesium and phosphorous. The capsule includes carbonyl iron within its ingredients. The advertisement of this capsule has to be designed in such a way that it clearly depicts its targeted customers. This new product is mainly launched for both male and female above 18 years. It can be consumed without doctor’s prescription. The price of this capsule is slightly high. So it is mainly targeted to the customers of middle class and upper class people who are educate and understand the value of this type of products (Applegate, 2005). It is also targeted to the persons who are suffering from weakness, vitamin and mineral deficiency and other nutritional deficiencies. The ad of this capsule shows that its potential customers can be those persons who don’t get time to eat healthy food or can’t maintain proper diet chart. They can easily have this capsule for getting high nutritional value and saving lot of time. Advertisement of this food supplement capsule has to be developed and designed

In a World of Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

In a World of Stereotypes Essay What is a stereotype? Stereotypes are characteristics ascribed to groups of people involving gender, race, national origin and other factors. (Nadra Kareem Nittle. Para 1). Most of these characteristics are over exaggerated opinions of the groups. The next few paragraphs in this paper will identify three examples of a stereotype one may encounter in their everyday lives, an argument that may support the stereotype, and any mistakes that may be found in the argument. One stereotype that is very common but a lot of people may not consider a stereotype is age in the work place. This may sound a little ridiculous but there are â€Å"persistent negative perceptions pertaining to older workers† ( Ostroff Atwater, 2003, p. 729; see also Posthuma Campion, 2009). An employer might think that a younger worker would have more energy or stamina, less health issues, and more of an open mind when learning new technologies. An older person might be considered stuck in their ways rather than a fresh young employee right out of college. Nonetheless an older person in age might have more experience that would require a higher paycheck, as where a younger person may take less money in order to gain the experience. Although some of these arguments may make sense to the average person reading this, the same feelings can go for someone in the younger age groups. â€Å"Young adults might also feel stereotype threat in the workplace, as younger workers are often perceived to be less reliable, less committed to the organization, and less socially skilled† (Nadra Kareem Nittle. Para 31). Moral of the story is that there are good points and there are bad points for any worker no matter what there age. These are all assumptions of an age group instead of the true characteristics of the person themselves. An employer may not higher a sixty year old man who has a better work ethic than a twenty five year old man and he will never know because he judged the older man based on a stereotype and vise versa. As a result to stereotyping he will continue to go through employees during his entire career. Here the employer commits the fallcy called a Hasty Generalization as well. Drawing broad and very general conclusions based on insufficient evidence can therefore lead to harmful results, not only for the victim of the stereotype but also for the person doing the stereotyping. † (Mosser 2011, para 33). The next common stereotype is called a racial stereotype. In 1933 Katz and Braly did questionnaire method research using American students on racial stereotypes. The results are quoted as follows: â€Å"There was considerable agreement in the traits selected. White Americans, for example, were seen as industrious, progressive and ambitious. African Americans were seen as lazy, ignorant and musical. Participants were quite ready to rate ethnic groups with whom they had no personal contact. † (McLeod para 15). Although this kind of behavior could be very well just plain human nature t stereotype a group of people based on their race, the face just aren’t there. Look at President Obama for example; he is by far not a lazy man just because he is a black man. A lazy man would not have the ability to run a country. Yet he is black, so he must be pretty lazy. Fallacy? The last stereotype to address in this paper is sports stereotypes. Some may say that only men play sports like football, wrestling, or hockey and women only play volleyball, tennis, and badminton due to how much physical contact women should have verses men. (Million Views para 1). One would say these stereotypes do not seem to far fetched because football is a very rough sport and most men are bigger and stronger than a woman so if she were to join the football team she may very well get hurt. But why cant men play tennis? Does this make him girly? Or not a man? Some would say yes because the sport is less aggressive and a man needs to act in rough sports if they want to be considered a man. There are women wrestlers today and plenty of men play tennis without losing their so-called manhood. These things we all do everyday, sometimes without even realizing it. We are all categorized in some sort of stereotype more than we would like to admit. But the bottom line is that we all bleed red, we all breathe the same air, and we all have to die one day. We are human. Instead of being separated into generalized groups based on or age, religion, race, etc. we all should be as one in the same group of humans. Because weather we like it or not, we are human.

Consequences in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Consequences in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two sides of consequences for almost everything that happens in life, directly or indirectly.   In life, we could learn mostly from the consequences, rather than from the punishments of our actions.   If the consequences are good, we know that the action should be repeated, sometimes.   If bad consequences outweigh the good, we know repeating would not be wise.   Hester Prynne of Nataniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, learns from punishment and the consequences of adultery, but from which does she learn more from?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Punishment from the magistrates was usually strict and severe. Hester's punishment was to stand on the wooden platform, in the town square, for three hours.   She could not speak to any to the numerous eyes that stared at, through her until dark. Hester also had to wear an embroidered A of scarlet cloth upon her chest.   The A symbolized that she was an adulteress, and should not be associated with.   Hester had also been banished from town, and branded an outcast.   Even though she did not name her lover, so that he could be punished, he did not go unpunished. Reverend Dimmesdale had taken it upon him to stand on the same platform that Hester had, and he also whipped himself.   The whipping did not serve its purpose, he was laughing all the while that he lashed himself.   Neither means of punishment had taught him anything, as well as Hester.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To fill in for what punishment had not taught, consequence brought forth the lessons of life.   The consequences that Hester found were bad and good.   There is usually two sides of consequences.   The scarlet letter showed everyone she was a sinner, an adulteress, making the people sick of her, and did not acknowledge her.   Yet as time went on, people noticed that Hester had embroidered the scarlet letter so beautifully, that she had offers to have embroidery done for others.  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the course of the story the A had changed its meaning.   People saw how strong Hester was and refused to interpret the A as it was meant, the A became to mean both ABLE, and ANGEL.   For her good deeds done unto the community.   She gave clothing to the poor and helped out wherever possible.

Alcoholism Is Destroying Our Society Essay

Alcoholism is the inability to control alcohol and have a strong craving for alcohol.There are cases where people are so addicted to alcohol that they can’t remain without it whitin more than one hour.Some even drink alcohol as if they are drinking water.Alcoholism is really becoming a big problem for our society.There is no real cure to alcoholism other than to stop drinking. First of all i would talk about the effect of alcoholism.It has physical effects which are the most important as it can causes death.For example alcoholism causes cancer in the stomach, kidney and liver.Besides alcohol alters digestion of nutrients that the body needs to stay healthy.Alcoholism also causes severe damage in the neurons,so it causes alteration in the body movements,loss of appetite and depression. There are other effects in the body like gastritis and cirrhosis of the liver. All these physical consequences could cause your death if you drink alcohol in mass quantities. The second effects caused by alcoholism are psychological. At the beginning, alcohol makes you feel relaxed, but if you drink it in excess, it increases anxiety and causes depression. It also causes family and legal problems, violence, changes of behavior, suicide, among others. Alcohol is very powerful and alters all your normal behaviors.Moreover alcoholism causes economic effects as well. Alcohol is not cheap. If someone drink two or three times in a week, it could cost him a lot.People do not think about the money and spend almost everything when they are drunk. Studies show that some individuals are more likely to experience alcoholism at some point in their lives than others. For example, genetics can play a role in whether or not a person is likely to be drawn to alcohol. Often the children of alcoholics will have a higher risk of one day becoming an alcoholic themselves. Psychological problems also increase the risk for alcoholism. Individuals suffering from depression, attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder and many other psychological disorders often turn to alcohol to make them feel better or ease their suffering. This often turns into a dependency. How individuals experience alcoholism in their lives?Genetics can play a role in whether a person is likely to drawn to alcohol.Often the children of alcoholics will have a greater risk of becoming an alcoholics themselves.psychological problems also increase the risk of alcoholism.Individual suffering from depression,attention deficit and many other phsycological disorder often turn to alcohol to make them feel better or to ease their suffering.But this often turns to dependency.The family of those who suffer from alcoholism,may suffer as this person will need money to drink,the family might not afford to fulfill their basic needs.Moreover an alcoholism might lose his job if he cannot be active at work.This causes financial problems to the family. To conclude,alcoholism is destroying the person who suffer from it and his family as well,this causes harm to the whole society.Therefore measures should be taken so that the drinker stops drinking as there are no other real solution to this problem.If the drinker does this soon enough, some of the damage to his or her body may reverse itself. However, most experts feel that a person is an alcoholic for life, and will never be able to drink socially again without falling back into addiction.

Department of Defense

1) The United States Government is striving to have an open, but secure border. What would be the consequences/impact to the United States if the border was suddenly made less open and more secure? Rallies throughout the country in protest against a new house bill that would criminalize those that help illegal immigrants advance in any way, have created a new hype about opinions on immigration. In a May 3 Voice of America article, â€Å"Immigration Issues Create Sharp Political Divide in US,† one protestor in Orlando declared his testimony. â€Å"We are not criminals, we are mostly people who come to work and come to stay here.We work.. † Many have argued the idea that without these workers made medial, yet important jobs would be vacant. The impact of â€Å"sending back† nearly 11 million people to their home country will be just as impactful on the American economy and way of life. Within the article, one retired U. S. Army Colonel Al Rodriguez spoke out. He he ads a group of Hispanic Americans that opposes illegal immigration. â€Å"We understand the important contribution immigrants have made to the economy and the industry of this great nation,† said Rodriguez, â€Å"but the difference is that we and millions of others like us did it legally.We are all here today to tell those illegal protesters, ‘you do not speak for me. ’† Honestly, if the borders were made less open, the United States would have to recover from a mass amount of job vacancies. While many feel there are plenty of unemployed legal citizens who could take these jobs, the reality is that most would not do these jobs for the pay that would be provided for them. 2) Should the `need to know` be replaced by the `need to share` as stated in the 9/11 Commission Report? Why or why not? Fully explain your position.Ultimately, the biggest issue with this topic considers the administration’s idea of security. They believe that by not saying anythin g protects the whole, in a more secure fashion, when in turn, this just creates more fear and less education. The need to know is very important especially considering homeland security. However, after 9/11, it was reported that the ‘need to share’ was far more important. As stated in the Commission Report, â€Å"The U. S. government has access to a vast amount of information. But it has a weak system for processing and using what it has.The system of â€Å"need to know† should be replaced by a system of â€Å"need to share. † But why? The largest argument includes the idea that the President has a large following of those who believe in his protection idea. I believe that the American people will trust in their leader a great deal more if they are allowed to be educated on issues that concern them and their country. In specific, many people I know, have stated that their distrust lies within the concept of not being trusted as a citizen to know things go ing on around them. The road is a two way street.This has created a great divide between administration and citizens, which has led to the lowest approval rating of a President in history. 3) What is the role of the Department of Defense in border and coastal security? What is the DOD relationship with the Department of Homeland Security? How does DoD support civil authorities? On the Department of Defense’s official website, they describe themselves as ‘America’s oldest, largest, busiest and most successful company. Their ultimate job is to protect the security of the nation in anyway they can. Their role includes great efforts in protecting the nation’s border.After 9/11, their jobs have seemed to be more heightened with a larger effort against terrorism and terrorism practices within the country. The near 5. 3 million employed government department works within nearly 146 countries to ensure the safety of the U. S. and these countries. They use spy effo rts to search for those that could threaten our security. Ultimately, they are Uncle Sam’s protectors whom attempt to create a â€Å"norm† of American living. The Department of Homeland Security work directly with the DoD to organize efforts to catch those that may be scheming up terrorist attack within the country.

Individualized Education Programs That Support Self Esteem

Individualized Education Programs That Support Self Esteem Self-esteem has fallen from the pinnacle of academic and scientific practice.  There is not necessarily a direct link between self-esteem and academic success. Resilience is getting a great deal of attention because the culture of coddling children for fear of injuring their self-esteem often discourages them from risk-taking, which has been shown to be related to success in school and life. Still, children with disabilities do need some extra attention paid to activities that will build their ability to take those risks, whether we call that resilience or self-esteem.   Self Esteem and Writing Positive Goals for IEPs The IEP, or Individualized Education Program- the document that defines the students special education program- should attend to ways in which instruction is mediated and success is measured that will enhance a childs self-confidence and lead to further success.   Certainly, these activities need to reinforce the kind of academic behavior you want, while at the same time pairing the childs sense of self-worth to success in school activities. If you are writing an IEP to ensure that your students will be successful, you will want to make sure that your goals are based on the students past performance and that they are stated positively. Goals and statements must be relevant to the students needs. Start slowly, choosing only a couple of behaviors at a time to change. Be sure to involve the student, this enables him/her to take responsibility and be accountable for his/her own modifications. Be sure to provide some time to enable the student to track and or graph his/her successes. Accommodations to Develop and Enhance Self-Esteem: Academic expectations will be reduced to ensure success. Be very specific about the exact curricular expectations that will be omitted or modified. Recognize and reward quality performance.Student strengths will be highlighted by recording and sharing evidence of growth.Honest and appropriate feedback will occur on a regular basis.Opportunities for the student to demonstrate strengths will be maximized as often as is possible. This could include, oral presentation and opportunities for the child to share his responses as long as the child is ready and can be successful.The student will be encouraged to become involved in extracurricular activities that support his/her interests and strengths.The student will use a form of personal expression which will include teacher response/feedback through a journal, one to one, or computer entries. Goal-Writing Tips Write goals that can be measured, be specific as to the duration or the circumstance under which the goal will be implemented and use specific time slots when possible. Remember, once the IEP is written, it is imperative that the student is taught the goals and fully understands what the expectations are. Provide him/her with tracking devices, students need to be accountable for their own changes.

The List of All U.S Colleges With a Business Administration and Management Major

In America’s capitalist economy, being able to make money is key. If you can sell something, whether it be an idea, a product, a service, you-name-it, you have the opportunity to accumulate wealth and be financially successful. A Business Administration and Management major centers around teaching students how to do just that–sell things, profitably. Regardless of whether you’re a burgeoning entrepreneur, taking over a family business, or striving to be a top executive at the next big corporation, a Business Administration and Management, or simply â€Å"Business† major has a lot to offer you. However, before you go calculating revenues and subtracting the costs, you need to get accepted into a university that has a Business major. Which colleges in the U.S. have a Business major? Read on to find out. Majoring in Business is a great stepping stone for anyone who wants to enter the corporate or small business world. A Business major itself is general enough to where you will gain the tools to be whatever you want, whether it be an entrepreneur, an investment banking analyst, or even an advertising guru. In some business schools, you get to specialize in a specific field of business that will teach you all of the basics to get you started in a corporate career. Moreover, many business schools in the United States tend to have more connections and even funding than the general university. By pursuing a business major, you may have more opportunities to network with and interview with big-name companies. This could really help to boost your career and widen your professional network. Regardless of what major you are pursuing, colleges are impressed with candidates who have taken on and succeeded with a heavy academic and extracurricular load. It shows the admissions office that the student can handle the rigor and pressure of a college education. Thus, if you want to stand out from the pack, the first and most obvious place you should look is your academic and extracurricular profile. doesn’t recommend that you take on so many advanced courses and time-consuming extracurriculars that you get stressed out and crack under the pressure. Instead, engage with as many Honors/IB/AP courses that you feel comfortable with and try to make an impact in the extracurricular activities you are passionate about. The key is to do things and take classes that you would genuinely enjoy. If you enjoy what you’re doing, it won’t feel like work! Now, if you’re looking to pursue a Business major, you might consider tailoring your academic and extracurricular profile towards things that would help you in that major. This means enrolling in advanced courses that are necessary for every Business major like Calculus, Statistics, and Economics. It means joining extracurriculars like Future Business Leaders of America, MockTrial, Speech and Debate, and other activities that Business majors are likely to be involved in. It also means going above and beyond to try and gain leadership positions in these organizations and, more generally, make a lasting impact in whatever activity you are a part of. Each college approaches the Business major a little bit differently. For example, some colleges let you specialize in a specific area of business like Marketing or Finance, whereas others require you to pursue a more general Business Administration degree. If you think you want to specialize, make sure you do the research to ensure that you are applying to colleges that will allow you to do that. Also, most business programs have heavy recruitment initiatives in industries that are located close by. For instance, Berkeley has great access to recruitment from San Francisco tech startups, whereas UCLA has great access to the entertainment industry. Thus, you should aim to apply to schools that are likely to have connections in your industry of interest. It will definitely help you out once you apply for those coveted summer internships and, of course, your first post-grad job. Of course, all of these things will require a lot of research into what each business program entails. If you’re in 9th or 10th grade and you think you might need help doing this research, consider joining ’s Early Advising Program. Through this program, you’ll be able to work one-on-one with a mentor who attended a top college in Business Administration. They’ll give you sound advice and help you with all aspects of your academic and extracurricular profile, including the aforementioned college research. On the other hand, if you are a Junior in high school, we have a specific program just for you.   Our College Strategy Program focuses on helping you build your high school resume during this pivotal high school year and position yourself for college admissions success. Using our exclusive chancing engine, this program helps you create a strong school list based on your interests and your chances of acceptance. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Wondering how you can set up your academic and extracurricular resume to be competitive for a Business Major? These posts may be able to help you out:    Need more comprehensive guidance through your college application process? offers a stellar College Applications Guidance Program , where we will help you in every step of the complex application process, from creating a school list to producing stand-out college applications. Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College | ABAC American International College | AIC Anderson University (South Carolina) Arkansas State University | A–State Atlanta Metropolitan State College | AMSC Auburn University at Montgomery | AUM Austin Peay State University | APSU Bowling Green State University | BGSU C.W. 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The attraction and retention of older workers presents opportunities Research Paper

The attraction and retention of older workers presents opportunities and problems for many employers. Critically evaluate the ma - Research Paper Example Based on literature findings, the present study highlights some of the most significant positive and negative implications for HRM. The main point that stands out in the minds of employers while employing older workforce is their contribution or performance. Considering the changing trends in businesses, competition, customer expectations etc, most organisations favour younger workforce that are more energetic and innovative. Other perspectives that point at choosing younger workers include lesser productivity from older workers and loss of knowledge due to higher turnover of older workers (Ashworth, 2008). The main HR challenges that haunt contemporary organisations, according to the CIPD report on Healthy Working Lives (2012) include sustainable employee motivation and commitment, employee turnover, knowledge retention, performance improvement and sustenance, and employee development. Engaging older workers in learning activities and skill development has been a challenge for manag ers (Gray & McGregor, 2003); however, it should also be noted that older workers’ immense experience makes them the knowledge bank that can be effectively used through appropriate practices (Ranzijn, 2004; Murray & Syed, 2005), and this positive attribute can be of great assistance in difficult situations that would otherwise be challenging for younger workforce. Employing older workforce presents critical implications to the HR function from diversity perspective. Of the many findings from their study on diversity programs employed by Fortune 500 companies, Ryan, Hawdon and Branick (2002) identified that most of the Forture 500 companies put significant efforts towards adopting diversity, which eventually fails or is not up to the expected standards, i.e, the number of aged workforce is proportionately low compared to other groups. This study suggests the need for enhancing diversity programs for older workers. This lag could be two-folded, one being company’s lack of interest in hiring older workforce and lack of interest from the older workforce to join jobs/companies that do not provide flexibility and ergonomics conducive to their working requirements. Yet, efforts to employ older workforce are being adopted by many organisations, which also provide various benefits and facilities for this group (Feinsod & Davenport, 2006). From cost/economic implications perspective, investment in older workers could be high in certain spheres but also low in others. For instance, Encel’s (1998) studies identified that older workers were more punctual and had less absenteeism besides their higher commitment, loyalty, knowledge, and ability to handle pressures. These aspects certainly provide greater advantage to managers in terms of cost reduction due to absenteeism and turnover. However, it is a general perception that older workers tend to require greater medical care and hence would incur higher expenses in terms of insurance and other compensatio n benefits; but, studies indicate that these costs also depend on other factors (Feinsod & Davenport, 2006). Based on their research, Guest and Shacklock’s (2005) viewpoint is that older workers